Previously Offered Courses

Past Courses in 2008-09

Summer Session I
May 26-June 26, 2009

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics
(4 credits) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Greg Thorson, Ph.D.
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers, and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Psy 1051 Introduction to Psychology
(4 credits) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Dennis Stewart, Ph.D.
An introduction to the science of mind and behavior. Topics include history of psychology, research methods, biological bases for behavior, life span development, sensation and perception, learning, cognitive and social processes, personality, psychopathology, and applications of psychology. Includes laboratory/discussion sessions.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 3601 Data Analysis
(4 credits; Prereq-1601 or 2601 or 2611 or #) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Jon Anderson, Ph.D. and Engin Sungur, Ph.D.
Nature and objectives of statistical data analysis, exploratory and confirmatory data analysis techniques. Some types of statistical procedures; formulation of models, examination of the adequacy of the models. Some special models; simple regression, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session II
June 29-July 31, 2009

Pol 1401 World Politics
(4 credits) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo, Ph.D.
The contemporary international system, including nationalism, international political economy, foreign policy formulation, and global concerns such as the environment and conflict. North/South debate, definitions of power, the new world order, regional vs. global conflicts, and avenues of cooperation.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Psy 1081 Drugs and Human Behavior
(2 credits) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Jeff Ratliff-Crain, Ph.D.
Survey of psychoactive drugs, their effects on mind and behavior, and prevention and treatment of drug abuse.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 4671 Statistical Computing
(4 credits; Prereq-1601 or 2601 or 2611 or #) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Jon Anderson, Ph.D. and Engin Sungur, Ph.D.
Entering, exploring, modifying, managing, and analyzing data by using selected statistical software packages such as R or SAS. The use of statistical software will be illustrated with applications of common statistical techniques and methods. This course is designed for students who have a basic understanding of statistics and want to learn the computing tools needed to carry out an effective statistical analysis.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session III
May 26-July 31, 2009

Ed 2201 Perspectives on Young Adult Literature: Schooling, Society, and Culture
(4 credits) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Michelle Page, Ph.D.
Exposure to multiple genres of young adult literature and brief introduction to various types of response to literature. Special emphasis on multicultural literature, the role of literature in forming moral and cultural values, using literature in the grade 5-12 classroom, and reader response theory and pedagogy. Students read, respond to, select, and evaluate young adult literature.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category HUM (Communication, Language, Literature, and Philosophy)

Engl 2121 Introduction to Creative Writing
(4 credits; Prereq-1011 or equiv) Tuition: $316.54 per credit
Chrissy Kolaya, MFA
Introduction to the basic elements of creative writing, including exploration of poetry, story, and journal writing. Practice with techniques such as dialogue, description, voice, and style.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category ArtP (Artistic Performance)

IS (Interdisciplinary Studies) 1041 Health Sciences Terminology
(2.0 cr; Independent Study Course)
A self-study course designed to provide students with a working knowledge of the terminology utilized in the health sciences. No formal class sessions. Students take four tests during the term. Contact Continuing Education to register and receive a syllabus.

Fall Semester 2008
September 2 - December 18

Engl 1011 College Writing CLOSED
(CW; 4.0 cr) Tuition: TBD
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Engl 2121 Topics in Writing: Introduction to Creative Writing CLOSED
(ArtP; 4.0 cr; prerequisite Engl 1011 College Writing or equivalent)
Tuition: TBD
Chrissy Kolaya, MFA
Introduction to the basic elements of creative writing, including exploration of poetry and short fiction. Practice with techniques such as dialogue, description, voice, imagery, figurative language, and style. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category ArtP (Artistic Performance

Hist 3452 Minnesota History CLOSED
(Hist; 4.0 cr) Tuition: TBD
Stephen Gross, Ph.D.
Examination of the social, cultural, and political history of Minnesota; emphasis on ethnicity, political radicalism, and rural life. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

IS 1041 Health Sciences Terminology
(2.0 cr; Independent Study Course)
A self-study course designed to provide students with a working knowledge of the terminology utilized in the health sciences. No formal class sessions. Students take four proctored tests and one final during the term. (no online component)

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics
(E/CR; 4.0 cr) Tuition: TBD
Greg Thorson, Ph.D.
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers, and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.
Fulfills UMM General Edu cation Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Pol 1301 Comparative Politics
(IP; 4.0 cr) Tuition: TBD
D. Christopher Brooks, Ph.D.
Examines the nature of political authority, experience of social revolution, and achievement of economic transformation in the context of politics and government in selected countries around the world. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Psy 1051 Introduction to Psychology CLOSED
(SS; 4.0 cr) Tuition: TBD
Dennis Stewart, Ph.D.
An introduction to the science of the mind and behavior. Topics include history of psychology, research methods, biological bases for behavior, life span development, sensation and perception, learning, cognitive and social processes, personality, psychotherapy, and applications of psychology.
Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology
(SS; 4.0 cr) Tuition: TBD
Christopher Butler, M.A.
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics
(M/SR; 4.0 cr; prereq high school higher algebra)
Tuition: TBD
Jon Anderson, Ph.D. and Engin Sungur, Ph.D.
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Spring Semester 2009
January 20 - May 14

Ed 2102 Introduction to Education in a Global Context CANCELLED
(IP; 2.0 cr) Tuition: $316.54
Pamela Solvie, Ph.D.
Introduction to the teaching profession through application of a global perspective to the study of issues in education. It is recommended that this course be completed in combination with a preprofessional field experience in another country such as ED 2112 - International Practicum in Elementary Education, or ED 2113 - International Practicum in Secondary Education through the University of Minnesota, Morris. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)
(Includes some same-time online class meetings. See syllabus for more information.)

Engl 1011 College Writing
(CW; 4.0 cr) Tuition: $316.54
Matt Conner, Ph.D.
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Geog 2001 Problems in Geography
(Envt; 4.0 cr) Tuition: $316.54
Stephen Gross, Ph.D.
Basic concepts and questions in the field of geography. The terminology and approaches of geographical inquiry and analysis, with emphasis on the spatial patterns and arrangements of human interaction with the landscape and the production of geographical knowledge. Meets GER requirement of Envt. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Envt (People and the Environment)

Hist 3459 Variable Topics in U.S. History: Lewis and Clark: An American Odyssey
(Hist; 4.0 cr) Tuition: $316.54
J. Wendel Cox, Ph.D.
The journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the men under their command has long been considered the quintessential American adventure and an audacious exercise in individual courage. What was the object of the Corps of Discovery’s journey? Why does this journey remain such a compelling story almost two centuries after it concluded? Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

IS 1041 Health Sciences Terminology
(2.0 cr; Independent Study Course)
A self-study course designed to provide students with a working knowledge of the terminology utilized in the health sciences. No formal class sessions. Students take four proctored tests and one final during the term. (no online component)

Mgmt 1301 Legal Environment of Business
(4.0 cr; prereq high school civics) Tuition: $316.54
Theodora D. Economou, J.D.
This course covers the regulatory environment of business, including constitutional authority, administrative law, business crimes and torts, competition and sales in the marketplace, agency and employment law, business forms and capitalization. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Pol 1401 World Politics
(IP; 4.0 cr) Tuition: $316.54
Seung-Ho Joo, Ph.D.
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology
(SS; 4.0 cr) Tuition: $316.54
Christopher Butler, M.A.
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics
(M/SR; 4.0 cr; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $316.54
Jon Anderson, Ph.D. and Engin Sungur, Ph.D.
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Stat 3601 Data Analysis
(M/SR; 4.0 cr; prereq 1601 or 2601 or 2611 or instructor consent)
Tuition: $316.54
Jon Anderson, Ph.D. and Engin Sungur, Ph.D.
Nature and objectives of statistical data analysis, exploratory and confirmatory data analysis techniques. Some types of statistical procedures; formulation of models, examination of the adequacy of the models. Some special models; simple regression, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, use of statistical computer packages. Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Past Courses in 2007-08

Summer Session I
May 27-June 27, 2008

Pol 1401 World Politics
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
The contemporary international system, including nationalism, international political economy, foreign policy formulation, and global concerns such as the environment and conflict. North/South debate, definitions of power, the new world order, regional vs. global conflicts, and avenues of cooperation.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Psy 1051 Introduction to Psychology
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Dennis Stewart
An introduction to the science of mind and behavior. Topics include history of psychology, research methods, biological bases for behavior, life span development, sensation and perception, learning, cognitive and social processes, personality, psychopathology, and applications of psychology. Includes laboratory/discussion sessions.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 3601 Data Analysis
(4 credits; Prereq-1601 or 2601 or 2611 or #) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Nature and objectives of statistical data analysis, exploratory and confirmatory data analysis techniques. Some types of statistical procedures; formulation of models, examination of the adequacy of the models. Some special models; simple regression, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session II
June 30-August 1, 2008

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers, and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Psy 1081 Drugs and Human Behavior
(2 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Jeff Ratliff-Crain
Survey of psychoactive drugs, their effects on mind and behavior, and prevention and treatment of drug abuse.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 4671 Statistical Computing <NEW>
(4 credits; Prereq-1601 or 2601 or 2611 or #) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Entering, exploring, modifying, managing, and analyzing data by using selected statistical software packages such as R or SAS. The use of statistical software will be illustrated with applications of common statistical techniques and methods. This course is designed for students who have a basic understanding of statistics and want to learn the computing tools needed to carry out an effective statistical analysis.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session III
May 27-August 1, 2008

Ed 2201 Perspectives on Young Adult Literature: Schooling, Society, and Culture
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Michelle Page
Exposure to multiple genres of young adult literature and brief introduction to various types of response to literature. Special emphasis on multicultural literature, the role of literature in forming moral and cultural values, using literature in the grade 5-12 classroom, and reader response theory and pedagogy. Students read, respond to, select, and evaluate young adult literature.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category HUM (Communication, Language, Literature, and Philosophy)

Engl 2121 Introduction to Creative Writing
(4 credits; Prereq-1011 or equiv) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Chrissy Kolaya
Introduction to the basic elements of creative writing, including exploration of poetry, story, and journal writing. Practice with techniques such as dialogue, description, voice, and style.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category ArtP (Artistic Performance)

Fall Semester 2007
September 4 - December 20, 2007

Econ 1111 Principles of Microeconomics. CANCELLED
(4 credits; prereq high school algebra) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Pareena Lawrence and Bart Finzel
Study of scarce resource allocation in a market economy. Supply and demand, consumer theory, theory of the firm, market structure, pricing of factors of production, income distribution and the role of government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Engl 2121 Topics in Writing: Introduction to Creative Writing. <NEW>
(4 credits; prerequisite Engl 1011 or equivalent) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Christine Kolaya
Introduction to the basic elements of creative writing, including exploration of poetry, story, and journal writing. practice with techniques such as dialogue, description, voice, and style.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category ArtP (Artistic Performance)

Hist 3452 Minnesota History.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Stephen Gross
Examination of the social, cultural, and political history of Minnesota; emphasis on ethnicity, political radicalism, and rural life.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Psy 1051 Introduction to Psychology.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Dennis Stewart
An introduction to the science of the mind and behavior. Topics include history of psychology, research methods, biological bases for behavior, life span development, sensation and perception, learning, cognitive and social processes, personality, psychotherapy, and applications of psychology.

 Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Spring Semester 2008
January 22 - May 9, 2008

Ed 2102 Introduction to Education in a Global Context <NEW>
(2 credits; S-N only) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Pamela Solvie
Introduction to the teaching profession through application of a global perspective to the study of issues in education. It is recommended that this course be completed in combination with a preprofessional field experience in another country such as ED 2112  - International Practicum in Elementary Education, or ED 2113  - International Practicum in Secondary Education through the University of Minnesota, Morris. 

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Hist 3459 Variable Topics in U.S. History: Lewis and Clark: An American Odyssey.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
J. Wendel Cox
The journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the men under their command has long been considered the quintessential American adventure and an audacious exercise in individual courage. What was the object of the Corps of Discovery's journey? Why does this journey remain such a compelling story almost two centuries after it concluded?

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

Mgmt 1301 Legal Environment of Business.
(4 credits; prereq high school civics) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Theodora D. Economou
This course covers the regulatory environment of business, including constitutional authority, administrative law, business crimes and torts, competition and sales in the marketplace, agency and employment law, business forms and capitalization.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Psy 1061 Introduction to the Development of the Child and Adolescent. CANCELLED
(4 credits; prereq Psy 1051 Introduction to Psychology or instructor consent) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Katherine Benson
Theory, data, and research about human development from birth through adolescence. Prenatal and physical development as well as perceptual, cognitive, language, personality, emotional, and social development. Multicultural/global perspective included. Designed for students aiming for teacher certification.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology. CLOSED
(4 credits) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Stat 3601 Data Analysis.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $296.15 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Nature and objectives of statistical data analysis, exploratory and confirmatory data analysis techniques. Some types of statistical procedures; formulation of models, examination of the adequacy of the models. Some special models; simple regression, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Past Courses in 2006-07

Fall Semester 2006
September 5 - December 21, 2006

Econ 1111 Principles of Microeconomics.
(4 credits; prereq high school algebra) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Pareena Lawrence and Bart Finzel
Study of scarce resource allocation in a market economy. Supply and demand, consumer theory, theory of the firm, market structure, pricing of factors of production, income distribution and the role of government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Engl 1011 College Writing. <<CLOSED>>
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Hist 3459 Variable Topics in U.S. History: Lewis and Clark: An American Odyssey. <<CLOSED>>
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
J. Wendel Cox
The journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the men under their command has long been considered the quintessential American adventure and an audacious exercise in individual courage. What was the object of the Corps of Discovery's journey? Why does this journey remain such a compelling story almost two centuries after it concluded?

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Spring Semester 2007
January 16 - May 4, 2007

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Hist 3452 Minnesota History.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Stephen Gross
Examination of the social, cultural, and political history of Minnesota; emphasis on ethnicity, political radicalism, and rural life.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

Mgmt 1301 Legal Environment of Business.
<< NEW COURSE >>
(4 credits; prereq high school civics) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Theodora D. Economou
This course covers the regulatory environment of business, including constitutional authority, administrative law, business crimes and torts, competition and sales in the marketplace, agency and employment law, business forms and capitalization.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Psy 1061 Introduction to the Development of the Child and Adolescent.
<< NEW COURSE >> (4 credits; prereq Psy 1051 Introduction to Psychology or instructor consent) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Katherine Benson
Theory, data, and research about human development from birth through adolescence. Prenatal and physical development as well as perceptual, cognitive, language, personality, emotional, and social development. Multicultural/global perspective included. Designed for students aiming for teacher certification.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session I
May 21 - June 22, 2007

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Psy 1081 Drugs and Human Behavior.
(2 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Jeff Ratliff-Crain
Survey of psychoactive drugs, their effects on mind and behavior, and prevention and treatment of drug abuse.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Summer Session II
June 25 - July 27, 2007

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session III
May 21 - July 27, 2007

Ed 2201 Perspectives on Young Adult Literature: Schooling, Society, and Culture.
(4 credits) Tuition: $290.67 per credit
Michelle Page
Exposure to multiple genres of young adult literature and brief introduction to various types of response to literature. Special emphasis on multicultural literature, the role of literature in forming moral and cultural values, using literature in the 5-12 classroom, and reader response theory and pedagogy. Students read, respond to, select, and evaluate young adult literature.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category HUM (Communication, Language, Literature, and Philosophy)

Past Courses in 2005-06

Fall Semester 2005
September 6 - December 22, 2005

Econ 1111 Principles of Microeconomics. CANCELLED
(4 credits; prereq high school algebra) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Pareena Lawrence and Bart Finzel
Study of scarce resource allocation in a market economy. Supply and demand, consumer theory, theory of the firm, market structure, pricing of factors of production, income distribution and the role of government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.
Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Hist 3459 Variable Topics in U.S. History: Lewis and Clark: An American Odyssey.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
J. Wendel Cox
The journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the men under their command has long been considered the quintessential American adventure and an audacious exercise in individual courage. What was the object of the Corps of Discovery's journey? Why does this journey remain such a compelling story almost two centuries after it concluded?

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.
Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Spring Semester 2006
January 17 - May 5, 2006

Econ 1111 Principles of Microeconomics.
*This course begins and ends one week later than the other Spring 2006 courses: January 23-May 12, 2006.
(4 credits; prereq high school algebra) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Pareena Lawrence and Bart Finzel
Study of scarce resource allocation in a market economy. Supply and demand, consumer theory, theory of the firm, market structure, pricing of factors of production, income distribution and the role of government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Hist 3452 Minnesota History.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Stephen Gross
Examination of the social, cultural, and political history of Minnesota; emphasis on ethnicity, political radicalism, and rural life.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

IS 1331 Disability in America: Politics, Art and Culture(s).
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Tammy Berberi
The course examines the history of the Disability Rights Movement, the social stigma and stereotypes that have hindered the lives of disabled Americans, and the formation of disabled ideSntity and its expression in literature and the arts.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hum (Communication, Language, Literature, and Philosophy)

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session (special session)
May 22 - July 28, 2006

Ed 2201 Perspectives on Young Adult Literature: Schooling, Society, and Culture.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Michelle Page
Exposure to multiple genres of young adult literature and brief introduction to various types of response to literature. Special emphasis on multicultural literature, the role of literature in forming moral and cultural values, using literature in the 5-12 classroom, and reader response theory and pedagogy. Students read, respond to, select, and evaluate young adult literature.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category HUM (Communication, Language, Literature, and Philosophy)

Summer Session I
May 22 - June 23, 2006

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Psy 1081 Drugs and Human Behavior.
(2 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Jeff Ratliff-Crain
Survey of psychoactive drugs, their effects on mind and behavior, and prevention and treatment of drug abuse.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Summer Session II
June 26 - July 28, 2006

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $273.47 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Past Courses in 2004-05

Summer Session II
June 27 - July 29, 2005

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session I
May 23 - June 24, 2005

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Psy 1081 Drugs and Human Behavior
(2 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Jeff Ratliff-Crain
Survey of psychoactive drugs, their effects on mind and behavior, and prevention of treat of drug abuse.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Spring Semester 2005
January 18 - May 6, 2005

Econ 1111 Principles of Microeconomics.
(4 credits; prereq high school algebra) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Pareena Lawrence and Bart Finzel
Study of scarce resource allocation in a market economy. Supply and demand, consumer theory, theory of the firm, market structure, pricing of factors of production, income distribution and the role of government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Hist 3452 Minnesota History.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Stephen Gross
Examination of the social, cultural, and political history of Minnesota; emphasis on ethnicity, political radicalism, and rural life.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

Hist 3459 Variable Topics in U.S. History: Lewis and Clark: An American Odyssey.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
J. Wendel Cox
The journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the men under their command has long been considered the quintessential American adventure and an audacious exercise in individual courage. What was the object of the Corps of Discovery's journey? Why does this journey remain such a compelling story almost two centuries after it concluded?.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Fall Semester 2004
September 7 - December 22, 2004

Registration remains open for fall courses through the first week of classes (Sept. 10).

Engl 1011 College Writing. CLOSED
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)


IS 1331 Disability in America: Politics, Art and Culture(s). CANCELLED
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Tammy Berberi
The course examines the history of the Disability Rights Movement, the social stigma and stereotypes that have hindered the lives of disabled Americans, and the formation of disabled identity and its expression in literature and the arts.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hum (Communication, Language, Literature, and Philosophy)

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Soc 1101 Introductory Sociology. CLOSED
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Christopher Butler
Basic concepts, theories, and methods of sociology; survey of some of the institutional areas in which sociologists specialize.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Past Courses in 2003-04

Fall Semester 2003
September 2, 2003 - December 19, 2003

Econ 1111 Principles of Microeconomics.
(4 credits; prereq high school algebra)
Pareena Lawrence and Bart Finzel
Study of scarce resource allocation in a market economy. Supply and demand, consumer theory, theory of the firm, market structure, pricing of factors of production, income distribution and the role of government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits)
Jennie Joiner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Pol 1201 American Government and Politics.
(4 credits)
Greg Thorson
Analysis of principles, organization, procedures, and powers of government in the United States. The federal system, national constitution, civil and political rights, party system; nature, structure, powers and procedures of legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the national government.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category E/CR (Ethical and Civic Responsibility)

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits)
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Spring Semester 2004
January 12 - April 30, 2004

Engl 1011 College Writing.
(4 credits)
Matt Conner
Practice in expressive and analytical writing, with special emphasis on the multi-source essay.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category CW (College Writing)

Hist 3459 Variable Topics in U.S. History: Lewis and Clark: An American Odyssey.
(4 credits)
J. Wendell Cox
The journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the men under their command has long been considered the quintessential American adventure and an audacious exercise in individual courage. What was the object of the Corps of Discovery's journey? Why does this journey remain such a compelling story almost two centuries after it concluded?.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hist (Historical Perspectives)

IS 1331 Disability in America: Politics, Art and Culture(s).
(4 credits)
Tammy Berberi
The course examines the history of the Disability Rights Movement, the social stigma and stereotypes that have hindered the lives of disabled Americans, and the formation of disabled identity and its expression in literature and the arts.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category Hum (Communication, Language, Literature, and Philosophy)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra)
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

Summer Session I 2004
May 17 - June 18, 2004

Psy 1081 Drugs and Human Behavior
(2 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Jeff Ratliff-Crain
Survey of psychoactive drugs, their effects on mind and behavior, and prevention of treat of drug abuse.


Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category SS (Human Behavior, Social Processes and Institutions)

Pol 1401 World Politics.
(4 credits) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Seung-Ho Joo
Modern and contemporary international systems from the 17th century to the present. The basic concepts and issues in international relations such as national power, national interests, the balance of power, foreign policy formulation, international conflict and cooperation, interdependence, international law, and the new world order.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspective)

Stat 1601 Introduction to Statistics.
(4 credits; prereq high school higher algebra) Tuition: $255.60 per credit
Jon Anderson and Engin Sungur
Scope, nature, tools, language, and interpretation of elementary statistics. Descriptive statistics; graphical and numerical representation of information; measures of location, dispersion, position, and dependence; exploratory data analysis. Elementary probability theory, discrete and continuous probability models. Inferential statistics, point and interval estimation, tests of statistical hypotheses. Inferences involving one and two populations, ANOVA, regression analysis, and chi-squared tests; use of statistical computer packages.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category M/SR (Mathematical/Symbolic Reasoning)

GenEdWeb Directed Study Course

Ed 1051 Comparative Education.
(4 credits)
Craig Kissock
Critical thinking abilities and insight into other cultures developed through study of education in selected countries and the United States.

Fulfills UMM General Education Requirement: category IP (International Perspectives)